It has been established that for orthopedic-related research, nanomaterials (materials defined as those with constituent dimensions less than 100 nm in at least one direction) have superior properties compared to conventional counterparts. This review summarizes studies that have demonstrated enhanced in vitro and in vivo osteoblast (bone-forming cells) functions (such as adhesion, proliferation, synthesis of bone-related proteins, and deposition of calcium-containing mineral) on nanostructured metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites thereof compared to currently used implants. These results strongly imply that nanomaterials may improve osseointegration, which is crucial for long-term implant efficacy. This review also focuses on novel drug-carrying magnetic nanoparticles designed to treat various bone diseases (such as osteoporosis). Although further investigation of the in vivo responses and toxicity of these novel nanomaterials pertinent for orthopedic applications are needed, nanotechnology clearly has already demonstrated the ability to produce better bone implants and therefore should be further investigated.
2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.