In agreement with the European Union Directives concerning health risks targets, in the present paper data regarding the health risk from different strategies of waste treatment, in particular concerning dioxin emissions, are presented. Three options are considered for municipal solid waste treatment: incineration (with best available technologies (BATs)), an anaerobic/aerobic treatment and an aerobic treatment before landfilling. The process of biostabilization varies case by case but differences between simplified approaches and BAT solutions have been pointed out. In the paper it is also pointed out how important the local context for the health risk from PCDD/F release is: the height of gas release into the atmosphere, the emitted gas velocity and the temperature of release become the most important parameters (apart from the overall amount released) in areas where the population may be close to the plant or where there is agricultural activity in the proximity. However, all the three solutions give an acceptable risk.