Abstract In aquatic environments, the survival of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Salmonella spp., may represent a risk to public health. The mutation frequency was hypothesized to influence the persistence of Salmonella serotypes in environmental waters. The mean mutation frequency to rifampin resistance of the 11 major serotypes of Salmonella enterica isolated from the Tech River (Pyrénées-Orientales, France) was determined. Then, a comparison of the survival of three serotypes holding different mutation frequencies showed no significant differences, suggesting that a high mutation rate was not directly linked to increased persistence of Salmonella cells under stressful conditions. However, we demonstrated, via controlled experiments, that long-term starvation in natural water could influence the mutation frequency of the Salmonella Typhimurium serotype. This effect, which was not observed for the serotypes Virchow and Infantis, could be a way of adapting to stressful conditions for the serotype Typhimurium and could explain its recurrence in aquatic systems.