Abstract
The muscular topographic anatomy of the face has long been known. The functional anatomy of the face has been studied by many neurologists, with Duchenne of Boulogne one of the first. The possibility of correcting not only wrinkles, but also certain regional balances gives botulinum toxin a certain number of advantages as well as limitations that should be well known by future injectors as well as the more experienced of practitioners who seek to treat the most difficult zones.
MeSH terms
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Botulinum Toxins / administration & dosage
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Botulinum Toxins / adverse effects
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Botulinum Toxins / pharmacology*
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Cadaver
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Cosmetic Techniques*
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Dermatologic Agents / administration & dosage
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Dermatologic Agents / adverse effects
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Dermatologic Agents / pharmacology*
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Facial Muscles / drug effects*
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Facial Muscles / pathology
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Humans
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Neck Muscles / drug effects*
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Neck Muscles / pathology
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Neuromuscular Agents / administration & dosage
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Neuromuscular Agents / adverse effects
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Neuromuscular Agents / pharmacology*
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Skin Aging / drug effects*
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Skin Aging / pathology
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Treatment Outcome
Substances
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Dermatologic Agents
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Neuromuscular Agents
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Botulinum Toxins