Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of ginseng extract (KRG) and total saponins (GTS) on microglial activation. KRG and GTS inhibited LPS-induced expression of iNOS, MMP-9 and proinflammatory cytokines in microglial cells. Suppression of microglial activation by ginseng was also observed in the mouse brain inflamed by LPS. Furthermore, KRG and GTS significantly suppressed NF-kappaB and MAP kinase activities, which are upstream signaling molecules in inflammation. Among the individual ginsenosides tested, Rh2, Rh3 and compound K significantly inhibited LPS-induced iNOS and cytokine expressions. Therefore, the inhibition of microglial activation by ginseng saponins may a good potential therapeutic modality for neurodegenerative diseases.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology*
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents / therapeutic use
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Cell Line, Transformed
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Cell Line, Tumor
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Cell Proliferation / drug effects
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Cytokines / antagonists & inhibitors
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Cytokines / metabolism
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Drugs, Chinese Herbal / pharmacology
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Drugs, Chinese Herbal / therapeutic use
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Encephalitis / drug therapy*
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Encephalitis / immunology
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Encephalitis / physiopathology
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Ginsenosides / pharmacology*
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Ginsenosides / therapeutic use
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Gliosis / drug therapy*
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Gliosis / immunology
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Gliosis / physiopathology
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Lipopolysaccharides / antagonists & inhibitors
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Male
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Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / metabolism
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
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Mice
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Mice, Inbred C57BL
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Microglia / drug effects*
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Microglia / immunology
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Neurodegenerative Diseases / drug therapy
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Neurodegenerative Diseases / immunology
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Neurodegenerative Diseases / physiopathology
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / antagonists & inhibitors
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
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Rats
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Saponins / pharmacology*
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Saponins / therapeutic use
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Signal Transduction / drug effects
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Signal Transduction / physiology
Substances
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents
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Cytokines
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Drugs, Chinese Herbal
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Ginsenosides
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
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Saponins
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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Matrix Metalloproteinase 9