Neoadjuvant (preoperative) systemic therapy is a good possibility for the treatment of symptomatic breast cancers of the locoregional stage. Chemotherapy or hormone therapy chosen according to the characteristics of the primary tumor, result in the regression of the tumor in the majority of the cases, favoring breast conserving surgery thereafter. The long-term effects of neoadjuvant systemic therapy are equivalent to that of adjuvant therapy, and the in vivo observed efficiency of the treatment reflects prognosis. Finally, systemic therapy introduced prior to surgery is not delayed by the possible adverse effects of the surgery. Detailed examination of the tumor and the patient is mandatory before starting systemic therapy. Besides breast imaging and histological examinations, staging is necessary. Pathological characterization of the tumor will enhance treatment choice based on the features of chemo- or hormone-sensitivity. For the treatment of chemosensitive tumors, taxane- and anthracycline-based polychemotherapy is the most efficacious. Data on neoadjuvant hormone therapy have been provided by studies on postmenopausal patients. Since the aromatase inhibitors are more efficient than tamoxifen, their use is the first option in this patient population. Among the molecular targeted agents, trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy produces extending therapeutic response rate. Following the completion of the neoadjuvant systemic therapy, breast imaging is required once more before performing breast and lymph node surgery. Postoperative radiotherapy is generally needed. The use of a common language and professional guidelines by the members of the multidisciplinary breast team is a condition for neoadjuvant systemic therapy.