Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), used in the treatment of epilepsy, was approved recently for treatment-resistant depression. The mechanisms of action of the VNS anti-depressive effects are not yet fully elucidated. Modulation of hippocampal neurogenesis has been proposed as an important factor in depression pathogenesis. We evaluated the effects of VNS on hippocampal progenitor turnover in the adult rat brain. Rats receiving VNS at the output current of 0.75 mA VNS for 2 days showed a significant 50% increase in dentate gyrus BrdU-incorporation consistent with an increase in progenitor proliferation. Output currents of 0.5 or 1.5 mA yielded non-significant trends for increased BrdU-labeling indicating an inverted U-shaped proliferative dose response to VNS as previously reported for other VNS-induced effects. Specific analysis for progenitor survival revealed no effects by VNS on dentate gyrus BrdU-labeling. These results suggest that VNS induced an increase in the number of available progenitor cells in the adult rat dentate gyrus by a mechanism presumably involving increased progenitor proliferation.