There are four major prophylactic indications in thoracic surgery: (1) Intra-pulmonary coin lesions with malignancy up to 50% and other potentially malignant tumors (carcinoid tumor, cylindroma, mucoepidermoid tumor, papilloma); (2) mediastinal tumors with potentially malignant growth (teratoma); (3) chronic lung infections including tuberculosis (bronchiectasis, abscess, chronic pneumonia, persistent tuberculoma, tuberculous cavity, destroyed lobe/lung); (4) cystic pulmonary disease followed by frequent complications (infection, bleeding, pneumothorax).