Post-transplant erythrocytosis (PTE) is a well known phenomenon occurring in 5-17% of renal transplant recipients (RTR). In this retrospective study, we studied 47 RTR which included 39 males and eight females. They were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of PTE, which was defined as a hematocrit of more than 51%. Nine of the 47 patients (19%) developed PTE all of whom were males. The mean age of patients with PTE was 44 +/- 9 years versus 40 +/-11 years for patients without PTE. The mean follow-up period was 113 +/- 26 months and 93 +/- 58 months for the PTE and non-PTE groups respectively. The mean period after transplant when PTE developed was 9.8 +/- 9 months and it lasted for 37 +/- 3 months. Thromboembolic complications in the form of lower limb deep vein thrombosis occurred in one patient. Most patients were treated with phlebotomies, and one received an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. There were no apparent predisposing factors in any but one patient, who had autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and developed hydronephrosis of the transplanted kidney. This might have caused excessive production of erythropoietin resulting in PTE. The serum creatinine values were higher, although statistically insignificant in patients with PTE. Chronic rejection was more commonly seen in patients with PTE (44%) than those without PTE (11%). Our findings suggest that PTE is a benign condition affecting males more than females. It may have an association with chronic rejection. Most cases can be controlled using phlebotomy.