Although autogenous vessels are useful in surgery, often patients cannot furnish suitable vessels. If there are not available, two possible alternatives for vessel replacements are to use vascular synthetic prostheses such as Dacron((R)) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or cryopreserved allografts. However, their success has been limited to replace small-diameter (<6 mm) arterial vessel because of their high thrombogenicity and compliance mismatch. On account of a clear clinical need for a functional arterial substitute, tissue engineering techniques have been developed. This review encompasses the use of mature endothelial, endothelial progenitor and bone marrow cells combined with natural or synthetic scaffolds whose surface has been modified with multiple origin matrices.