Brain tumours are the most frequent solid tumours in children but they represent a complex and heterogeneous group of diseases, both in terms of histology and prognosis. Long-term morbidity is higher than in adults because they occur in a functionally developing structure. To lower the risk of sequelae, therapeutic strategies become more complex and the role of chemotherapy is increasing. Moreover, better knowledge of prognostic factors already permits to adapt the intensity of the treatments. In some cases, chemotherapy can even replace radiotherapy. The use of targeted therapies will soon be possible since specific proliferation pathways have been identified in some of these tumours.