Use of tetanus toxoid as a differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategy for sero-surveillance of avian influenza virus vaccination in poultry

Vaccine. 2007 Aug 1;25(31):5892-901. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.023. Epub 2007 Jun 4.

Abstract

Strategies for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) require improvement for increased surveillance of avian influenza (AI), where vaccination is employed to control disease. We propose a novel DIVA approach for chickens using tetanus toxoid (TT) as an exogenous marker independent of serotype and relatedness of circulating and vaccine strains. Of 1779 chickens tested from Australia, Hong Kong and China, 100% were seronegative for TT-specific antibodies without vaccination. Tetanus toxoid adjuvanted to mineral oil was immunogenic in chickens. Co-delivery of both TT and inactivated LPAI (H6N2) vaccines in chickens elicited strong TT and influenza-specific antibody responses, which persisted to 53 weeks post-vaccination. Furthermore, immunization with a combined vaccine composed of TT and AI induced high levels of antibodies to both antigens. We conclude that TT is a highly suitable exogenous marker for AI vaccination in chickens allowing simple and effective monitoring of AI vaccination status.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / analysis
  • Antibodies, Viral / biosynthesis
  • Influenza A virus / genetics
  • Influenza A virus / immunology*
  • Influenza Vaccines / genetics
  • Influenza Vaccines / therapeutic use*
  • Influenza in Birds / immunology*
  • Influenza in Birds / prevention & control*
  • Poultry
  • Poultry Diseases / immunology
  • Poultry Diseases / prevention & control
  • Tetanus Toxoid / administration & dosage*
  • Tetanus Toxoid / immunology
  • Vaccination / methods
  • Vaccination / standards

Substances

  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Influenza Vaccines
  • Tetanus Toxoid