Prior research has provided evidence that the early postnatal environment can have long lasting effects on both the physiology and behavior of offspring. This is modeled in rats by using a maternal separation paradigm in which pups are separated from their mother for a few hours daily during their first two postnatal weeks. While this model has been used extensively to study stress effects and anxiety, less research has been done to examine how these separations affect measures of reward and reinforcement in adulthood. The current study investigated the impact of maternal separation (MS) on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) maintained responding in male and female offspring, and the effects of morphine (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) and naltrexone (0.1-10 mg/kg) on that responding. Rearing condition (MS or non-handled, NH) significantly altered response rates during acquisition in both sexes, with NH offspring exhibiting the highest rates. Group differences in baseline responding on a progressive ratio (PR-2) schedule of reinforcement were evident only in females, with MS females having response rates 50% lower than NH females. Neither morphine nor naltrexone differentially affected either rearing group. Sex impacted NH offspring: males acquired responding more readily, but females had higher response rates and breakpoints during all other phases of the experiment. In MS offspring, no sex differences were observed during acquisition, but during all other phases males had higher response rates and breakpoints than females. These results indicate that maternal separation during the first two postnatal weeks can have long-term effects on responding for ICSS, but these effects do not appear tied to endogenous opioid systems in the lateral hypothalamus.