Abstract
Soluble aluminium (Al(3+)) is the major constraint to plant growth on acid soils. Plants have evolved mechanisms to tolerate Al(3+) and one type of mechanism relies on the efflux of organic anions that protect roots by chelating the Al(3+). Al(3+) resistance genes of several species have now been isolated and found to encode membrane proteins that facilitate organic anion efflux from roots. These proteins belong to the Al(3+)-activated malate transporter (ALMT) and multi-drug and toxin extrusion (MATE) families. We review the roles of these proteins in Al(3+) resistance as well as their roles in other aspects of mineral nutrition.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / chemistry
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ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / genetics
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ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / metabolism
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Aluminum / toxicity*
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Biological Evolution
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Drug Resistance / genetics
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Genes, Plant
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Ion Transport / genetics
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Membrane Transport Proteins / chemistry
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Membrane Transport Proteins / genetics
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Membrane Transport Proteins / metabolism*
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Minerals / metabolism
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Models, Biological
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Models, Molecular
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Organic Anion Transporters / chemistry
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Organic Anion Transporters / genetics
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Organic Anion Transporters / metabolism*
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Phosphorus / metabolism
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Phylogeny
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Plant Proteins / chemistry
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Plant Proteins / genetics
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Plant Proteins / metabolism*
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Plants / drug effects*
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Plants / genetics
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Plants / metabolism*
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Protein Structure, Secondary
Substances
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ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
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Membrane Transport Proteins
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Minerals
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Organic Anion Transporters
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Plant Proteins
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Phosphorus
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Aluminum