Purpose of review: To review the recent evidence regarding the potential benefit on the outcome of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early-stage nonsmall-cell lung cancer and compare this evidence with the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of the approach.
Recent findings: The available evidence has mostly not yet been published in full manuscript form and should be interpreted cautiously. The observed gain in survival with neoadjuvant treatment is not consistent with expectations. Literature-based meta-analyses, however, estimate a gain in survival of at least 6% after 5 years. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy results in clinical downstaging in approximately 40-60% of the patients and pathological complete response rate in 5-10%. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not reduce the number of pneumonectomies. As expected, its compliance is better compared with adjuvant treatment. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not delay surgery or result in an increased hospital stay or rate of perioperative complications, when compared with immediate surgery. Neoadjuvant regimens should be platinum-based and at least three cycles of chemotherapy should be administered.
Summary: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage nonsmall-cell lung cancer should not yet be offered outside of clinical trials and will in the future have to be compared with adjuvant chemotherapy.