Atopic eczema (AE) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which affects 10 to 20% of children and 1 to 3% of adults. AE is usually diagnosed based on standard criteria such as those of Hanifin and Rajka, whereby the age-related variation must be considered. There are numerous other diseases which go along with AE or show a very similar clinical picture and represent important differential diagnostic considerations including parasitic diseases, immunodeficiency, nutritional diseases, certain neoplastic disorders and various corneal abnormalities. Additionally, it is important to consider diseases which can occur in association with AE, such as keratosis pilaris, alopecia areata or sweat disturbances.