Chronic insomnia is a common disorder that is under recognized, under diagnosed and under treated. Initial assessment should focus on identifying and treating, if present, any secondary causes of insomnia. Primary insomnia can be treated with behavioral and/or pharmacological therapy. A thorough sleep history can identify the type of insomnia present, its severity, and can consequently guide therapy. Behavioral therapy has been shown to be equivalent to or superior to pharmacologic therapy, at least in some patients. It is a reasonable initial approach, although there are barriers to its use. There are several pharmacologic agents available, some of which are more effective at reducing time to fall asleep and others for maintaining sleep. There is some evidence to indicate that combining the approaches may impair outcomes. There is little data on the long-term use of pharmacologic agents.