Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency leads to dramatic overexposure to fluorouracil (5-FU), resulting in a potentially lethal outcome in patients treated with standard doses. The aim of this study was to validate, in a routine clinical setting, a simple and rapid method to determine the DPD status in a subset of cancer patients, all presenting with life-threatening toxicities following 5-FU or capecitabine intake. In this study, 80 out of 615 patients (13%) suffered severe toxicities, including 5 lethal ones (0.8%), during or after chemotherapy with a fluoropyrimidine drug. Patients with severe toxicities were treated with 5-FU (76 patients) or capecitabine-containing protocols (4 patients). Simplified uracil to di-hydrouracil (U/UH2) ratio determination in plasma was retrospectively performed in these 80 patients, as a surrogate marker of DPD activity. When possible, 5-FU Css determination was performed, and screenings for the canonical IVS14+1G>A mutation were systematically carried out. Comparison of the U/UH2 ratios with a reference, non-toxic population, showed abnormal values suggesting impaired DPD activity in 57 out of the 80 toxic patients (71%) included in this study, and in 4 out of 5 patients (80%) with a fatal outcome. Similarly, drug exposures up to 15 times higher than the range observed in the non-toxic population were also observed. Importantly, no IVS14+1G>A mutation was found in these patients, including those displaying the most severe or lethal toxicities. These data warrant systematic detection of DPD-deficient patients prior to fluoropyrimidine administration, including when oral capecitabine (Xeloda) is scheduled. Finally, the simplified methodology presented here proved to be a low cost and rapid way to identify routinely patients at risk of toxicity with 5-FU or capecitabine.