The impact of precultural temperature and pH on the distribution of the lag phase of individual Listeria monocytogenes cells was assessed during preincubation at 7 degrees C, using a dilution protocol to obtain single cells, and optical density measurements to estimate the individual lag phase. Firstly, the pure temperature effect (37, 15, 10, 7, 4 and 2 degrees C) was investigated on a subsequent growth at 7 degrees C and pH 7.4. Secondly, low precultural temperatures (10, 7 and 4 degrees C) were combined with a controlled pH at 7.4 and 5.7 with a subsequent growth at 7 degrees C and at different pH values (7.4, 6.0 and 5.5). For all temperature-pH combinations, the individual cell lag phase was determined using a three-phase linear growth model. It was observed that at low precultural temperatures (2, 4 and 7 degrees C), a high proportion of L. monocytogenes cells were able to grow at 7 degrees C with almost no lag phase, consequently, the resulting distributions were positively skewed. Beside this, the variability observed was lower than at higher precultural temperatures. Regarding the precultural pH effect, at pH 7.4 the mean values of the lag phases were shorter at lower preincubation temperatures; while at pH 5.7 small pH transitions produced shorter individual lag phases at all precultural temperatures. The quantification of the effect of precultural conditions on the individual cell lag phase duration would improve the accuracy of the existing growth models, especially when a series of processing and storage steps are linked together in a process model or exposure assessment. Distributions will be fitted to the data for every set of conditions, generating useful tools for further risk assessment purposes.