Induced water condensation and bridge formation by electric fields in atomic force microscopy

J Phys Chem B. 2006 Aug 3;110(30):14870-3. doi: 10.1021/jp061148t.

Abstract

We present an analytical model that explains how, in humid environments, the electric field near a sharp tip enhances the formation of water menisci and bridges between the tip and a sample. The predictions of the model are compared with experimental measurements of the critical distance where the field strength causes bridge formation.