The response to the male effect was studied in two flocks of Saanen and three of Alpine goats during deep anoestrus in three consecutive years. Males and females were subjected to artificially long days for about 3 months (between December 4 and April 1) followed by a natural photoperiod. Bucks joined goats 42-63 days after the end of the long days treatment (between April 20 and June 3) and fertilisation was ensured by natural mating. In experiment 1 (n=248), female goats were treated or untreated with melatonin at the end of the long days treatment and treated or untreated for 11 days with fluorogestone acetate (FGA) before teasing. The males received melatonin implants. In experiment 2 (n=337), the factor studied was the association or non-association of the 11-day FGA treatment. Neither males nor females received melatonin implants. In experiment 3 (n=180), goats were treated for 11 days with FGA or with natural progesterone (CIDR). Neither males nor females received melatonin implants. In experiment 1, among the non-cycling goats (n=218), 99% ovulated and 81% kidded at 161+/-8 days after joining. Ninety-two percent of FGA-treated goats displayed an LH surge at 65+/-11h after teasing. Melatonin treatment did not affect any parameter but FGA advanced the kidding date. In experiment 2, 94% of the goats ovulated and 87% kidded. A major peak of conception was observed on days 3 and 8 after joining in FGA-treated and untreated goats, respectively. Among the FGA-treated goats, 83% displayed an LH surge. Over all flocks, most of the LH surges occurred over a 24-36 h interval, but the surge was initiated at different times in different flocks (36, 48 or 60 h after joining). FGA treatment did not influence the results, except for advancement of births of about 5 days. Differences among flocks were highly significant. In experiment 3, 94% of the goats displayed the LH surge, 93% ovulated and 68% kidded. Significant differences were found among flocks, but not between the FGA and CIDR groups. Bucks marked 85% of the goats 24-72 h after joining. The time interval between the detection of marked goats and detection of the LH surge depended on the time of marking (r=-0.62; p<0.05). In conclusion, treatment of both males and females goats with artificially long days followed by a natural photoperiod is very effective in inducing highly synchronous and fertile reproductive activity via the male effect in the middle of seasonal anoestrus.