This article focuses on recent advances in the regeneration of periodontium using tissue engineering and examines new technologies that will lead to further advances in periodontal therapy. The various advantages and drawbacks of protein-based, cell-based, and genetic-engineering approaches are evaluated. The debate between those who aim to regenerate periodontal tissues and researchers who have focused on the reconstitution of structural elements of the teeth is examined. The isolation of human dental stem cells from deciduous and adult wisdom teeth might hold the key to allowing the replacement of teeth and the regeneration of supporting tissue. The combination of scientific research, following on from advances in other fields, with clinical research in dentistry could yield a solution to the debilitating and widespread problem of periodontitis.