Inhibitory synaptic transmission in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord plays an important role in the modulation of nociceptive messages because pharmacological blockade of spinal GABAA receptors leads to thermal and mechanical pain symptoms. Here, we show that during the development of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia associated with inflammatory pain, synaptic inhibition mediated by GABAA receptors in lamina II of the DH was in fact markedly increased. This phenomenon was accompanied by an upregulation of the endogenous production of 5alpha-reduced neurosteroids, which, at the spinal level, led to a prolongation of GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic currents and to the appearance of a mixed GABA/glycine cotransmission. This increased inhibition was correlated with a selective limitation of the inflammation-induced thermal hyperalgesia, whereas mechanical allodynia remained unaffected. Our results show that peripheral inflammation activates an endogenous neurosteroid-based antinociceptive control, which discriminates between thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia.