Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-betas are essential in pre- and postnatal development, differentiation and morphogenesis of higher organisms. Quantitation of the levels of TGF-beta synthesis, secretion, and activation are crucial for grasping the mechanisms that control these events and ultimately control TGF-beta action. Rather than presenting a single method, we describe several methods for measuring active TGF-beta in different experimental situations. This is possible as a result of advances in transgenic mice technology that allow in vivo TGF-beta measurements in addition to the more established in vitro approaches.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Coculture Techniques
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DNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Epithelial Cells / cytology
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Genetic Techniques*
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Green Fluorescent Proteins / metabolism
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Immunohistochemistry
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Luciferases / metabolism
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Lung / cytology
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Mice
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Mice, Transgenic
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Mink
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Molecular Biology / methods*
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Smad Proteins
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Trans-Activators / metabolism
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Transforming Growth Factor beta / analysis*
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Transforming Growth Factor beta / biosynthesis*
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Transforming Growth Factor beta / genetics
Substances
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DNA-Binding Proteins
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Smad Proteins
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Trans-Activators
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Transforming Growth Factor beta
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Green Fluorescent Proteins
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Luciferases