Surface-bound layers of poly(L-glutamic acid) prepared by a recently described "grafting-from" method were analyzed with respect to electrical charging and structural alterations upon variation of pH and concentration of the background electrolyte in aqueous solutions. The microslit electrokinetic setup (MES) was utilized for the combined determination of zeta potential and surface conductivity on the basis of streaming potential and streaming current measurements at polypeptide layers in contact with aqueous electrolyte solutions of varied composition. In situ ellipsometry was applied at similar samples immersed in identical aqueous solutions to investigate the influence of the solution pH on the structure of the polypeptide layers. Zeta potential and Dukhin number versus pH plots revealed the dissociation behavior of the surface-bound polypeptides indicating a significant shift of the pK of their acidic side chains correlating with the concentration of the background electrolyte potassium chloride and the related variation of the Debye screening length. Surface conductivity data pointed at a more expanded structure of the polypeptide layer in the fully dissociated state as an increased ion conductance in this part of the interface was determined. The occurrence of a strong increase of the thickness and a corresponding decrease of the refractive index for the coil state of the layer strongly supports the findings of the electrokinetic measurements. This fully reversible "switching" of the layer structure was attributed to helix-coil transitions within the grafted polypeptides induced by the dissociation of carboxylic acid functions of the polypeptide side chains. The shift of the "switching pH" of the surface-bound poly(L-glutamic acid) layers at varied concentrations of the background electrolyte was interpreted as a result of the pK shift of the carboxylic acid groups of the polypeptide side chains. The observed patterns prove that the electrostatic interactions causing this shift occur within but not between the grafted chains.