Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in American men and women. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of these cases. Although surgery is the best curative approach for resectable NSCLC, long-term survival for patients with operable disease remains poor. More than half of patients who initially present with stage I to IIIA disease experience relapse of metastatic disease. Postoperative adjuvant therapy has been evaluated in several randomized trials, and provides a survival benefit. It appears reasonable to look to induction chemotherapy, or preoperative chemotherapy, to provide a similar improvement in survival with early treatment of micrometastatic disease. Multiple trials of induction therapy have been carried out with encouraging results. The use of various induction regimens with chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy for stage IIIA NSCLC is under investigation. Randomized trials are under way to better define the role of induction therapy in the multimodality treatment of NSCLC.