Peptide growth factors are a fascinating group of molecules with diverse effects. Recent developments have allowed us to gain a much greater insight into their pathophysiological functions. In addition, the development of recombinant peptide technology, monoclonal antibody production and both artificial small molecule receptor agonists and inhibitors now allows us to use these factors for the treatment of multiple conditions including gastrointestinal malignancy (particularly colonic carcinoma), short bowel syndrome (where factors such as growth hormone, epidermal growth factor and glucagons-like peptide 2 show particular promise), and inflammatory bowel disease.