Estimating the Lyapunov exponents of discrete systems

Chaos. 2004 Jun;14(2):343-6. doi: 10.1063/1.1741751.

Abstract

In the present paper, our aim is to determine both upper and lower bounds for all the Lyapunov exponents of a given finite-dimensional discrete map. To show the efficiency of the proposed estimation method, two examples are given, including the well-known Henon map and a coupled map lattice.