The variation of the natural 15N abundance is often used to evaluate the origin of nitrogen or the pathways of N input into ecosystems. We tried to use this approach to assess the main input pathways of nitrogen into the sand dune area of the north-western Negev Desert (Israel). The following two pathways are the main sources for nitrogen input into the system: i. Biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by cyanobacteria present in biological crusts and by N2-fixing vascular plants (e.g. the shrub Retama raetam); ii. Atmospheric input of nitrogen by wet deposition with rainfall, dry deposition of dust containing N compounds, and gaseous deposition. Samples were taken from selected environmental compartments such as biological crusts, sand underneath these crusts (down to a depth of 90 cm), N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing plants, atmospheric bulk deposition as well as soil from arable land north of the sandy area in three field campaigns in March 1998, 1999 and 2000. The delta15N values measured were in the following ranges: grass -2.5/1000 to +1.5/1000; R. reatam: +0.5/1000 to +4.5/1000; non-N2-fixing shrubs +1/1000 to +7/1000; sand beneath the biological crusts +4/1000 to +20/1000 (soil depth 2-90 cm); and arable land to the north up to 10/1000. Thus, the natural 15N abundance of the different N pools varies significantly. Accordingly, it should be feasible to assess different input pathways from the various 15N abundances of nitrogen. For example, the biological N fixation rates of the Fabaceae shrub R. reatam from the 15N abundances measured were calculated to be 46-86% of biomass N derived from the atmosphere. The biological crusts themselves generally show slight negative 15N values (-3/1000 to -0.5/1000), which can be explained by biological N fixation. However, areas with a high share of lichens, which are unable to fix atmospheric nitrogen, show very negative values down to -10/1000. The atmospheric N bulk deposition, which amounts to 1.9-3.8 kg N/hayr, has a 15N abundance between 4.4/1000 and 11.6/1000 and is likely to be caused by dust from the arable land to the north. Thus, it cannot be responsible for the very negative values of lichens measured either. There must be an additional N input from the atmosphere with negative delta15N values, e.g. gaseous N forms (NOx, NH3). To explain these conflicting findings, detailed information is still needed on the wet, particulate and gaseous atmospheric deposition of nitrogen.