Cardiovascular disease has an elevated prevalence in the general population, with increasing incidence with advancing age. Epidemiological studies clearly show that higher concentrations of serum lipids (especially cholesterol) constitute a major individual risk factor, and that their treatment reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease, especially coronary heart disease (CHD). The best evidence supporting the importance of hypercholesterolemia as a major risk factor for CHD arises from large randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which show that by lowering total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein concentrations, and increasing high-density lipoprotein concentrations, coronary event rates and cardiovascular mortality are diminished. Also, hyperlipidemia is frequently found in patients suffering from premature CHD and, in most cases, has a familial genetic component. The benefit from lowering cholesterol is found in primary prevention (patients with hypercholesterolemia but no known CHD), as well as in secondary prevention (patients with known CHD, in whom the aim is to improve prognosis). The main objective of this paper is to present and discuss the most valid, important and applicable scientific evidence on the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease using statins. We have based our discussion on large RCTs that studied clinically relevant outcomes (mortality, morbidity, event rates, etc.), published over the last 10 years, as well as on systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses of RCTs published over the last 5 years. Both types of evidence were selected from secondary scientific sources. We conclude with practical evidence-based recommendations on the selection of patients for primary and secondary prevention with statins.