The high vocal center (HVC) of adult male canaries, Serinus canaria, is necessary for the production of learned song. New neurons are added to HVC every day, where they replace older neurons that have died, but the length of their survival depends on the time of year when they are born. A great number of HVC neurons born in the fall, when adult canaries learn a new song, are still present 8 mo later, when this song is used during the breeding season. By contrast, most of the neurons born in HVC in the spring, when little song learning takes place, disappear much sooner. Here we show that infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor into HVC during days 14-20 after new HVC neurons are born in the spring confers on them a life expectancy comparable to that of fall-born neurons; this extension on life is not seen when infusion occurs 10 days earlier or later. We suggest that there is, in the adult HVC, a subset of neurons whose life expectancy is determined by brain-derived neurotrophic factor during a sensitive period soon after these neurons reach destination and start forming connections.