Recurrent pneumonia (RP) within 12 months is one of the AIDS diagnosis criteria. To gain knowledge of RP infection in HIV-infected patients, we studied 145 RP cases detected in a cohort of 2,996 HIV patients in Puerto Rico between Jan. 1992-Dec. 2001. The RP prevalence was 4.8%; 77.2% were males and 62.1% were injecting drug users (IDU). At the time of RP diagnosis, the mean CD4+ T cell count was 93.8 cells/mm3, 59.3% were in antiretroviral treatment, 13% had received the pneumococcal vaccine and 84.8% had another AIDS related condition. Over 37% received two or more antiretroviral medications. The death rate in the first year after the RP diagnosis was 63.4%. A Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that CD4+ T cells <200/mm3 (p<0.05), history of toxoplasmosis (p<0.01), wasting syndrome (p<0.01), esophageal candidiasis (p<0.05) and lower number of antiretroviral medications (p<0.05) increased their mortality risk. The studied patients had a highly compromised immune system and a very low pneumococcal vaccination percent at the time of RP diagnosis. Low CD4+ T cells significantly increased the hazard and mortality risk of the cases studied. Antecedents of antiretroviral therapy in these patients ensure a better outcome with lower mortality. Efforts to increase the vaccination rate should reduce the RP incidence in our HIV-infected population.