Inhibition or ablation of the hyperactive subthalamic nucleus (STN) in Parkinson's disease (PD) does not only reverse motor deficits, silencing the glutamatergic output of the subthalamic nucleus, but has also been implicated to have neuroprotective effects on nigral neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Ablation of the subthalamic nucleus has been shown to increase the number of tyrosinhydroxylase-immunopositive cells and partially restores behavioral deficits in animal models of Parkinson's disease. However, it is unclear whether subthalamic nucleus ablation indeed prevents cell death or whether the effect is due to the rescue of the dopaminergic (DA) phenotype of impaired cells by upregulating tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). We therefore investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of a preceding subthalamic nucleus lesion on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced nigral cell death and compared the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) as a marker of cell survival with tyrosinhydroxylase immunoreactivity as a marker of the dopaminergic phenotype. In the present study, we show that ablation of the subthalamic nucleus does not affect the number of fluorogold-labeled cells but increases the number of tyrosinhydroxylase-positive neurons in subthalamic nucleus-lesioned hemiparkinsonian animals and leads to partial behavioral recovery of the rats. We conclude that subthalamic nucleus ablation exerts neuroprotective properties on the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in terms of rescuing the neurotransmitter phenotype in the remaining neurons rather than enhancing the total number of nigral cells.