The involvement of healthy living donors and the degree of technical difficulty make adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) different from any other surgical procedure. We surveyed 100 liver transplant surgeons to assess their views on the complex issues raised by LDLT. Data were collected at meetings on LDLT and by electronic mail. The study instrument was divided into general, donor, surgeon, recipient, and donor and recipient issues. Subjects provided the projected 1-year survival threshold that they would require for the recipient before they would perform LDLT. They listed the three topics that they thought were most critical for transplant fellows to know about LDLT. A majority agreed that transplant programs have a duty to their patients to offer LDLT, that the increasing success of the procedure will expand indications for liver transplantation, and that the risk to the donor causes them a moral dilemma. There was more divergence of opinion regarding who should have the final say about a potential donor's candidacy, whether it is difficult for donors to comprehend the risks of the procedure, and whether repeat cadaveric transplantations should be offered for failed LDLT performed for extended indications. Surgeons' median recipient survival threshold was a conservative 79%. Priorities for educating trainees focused on understanding complications and risks, technical factors, and ethical concerns such as putting the donor first. In conclusion, the findings of this survey indicate that transplant surgeons are working to balance their moral imperative to provide life-saving therapy for transplantation candidates with the risks posed to living donors.