Wastewater treatment by radial freezing with stirring effects

Water Res. 2003 May;37(10):2520-4. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00020-4.

Abstract

Radial freezing experiments on wastewater models were conducted in the presence of imposed stirring in order to remove impurities. The studied samples (dilute Na-montmorillonite suspensions charged with nitrates and with zinc or lead) were placed inside a cylindrical annulus, cooled at a controlled temperature around -7 degrees C at its inner wall which rotated around a vertical axis. The freezing front propagated toward the still outer wall which was maintained at a constant temperature around +1 degrees C. Thanks to stirring, considerable purification rates up to 99.97% were attained. It was also demonstrated that combining radial freezing and stirring ended in residual concentrations which agreed with drinking water standards.

MeSH terms

  • Freezing
  • Lead / isolation & purification*
  • Nitrates / isolation & purification*
  • Waste Disposal, Fluid / methods*
  • Water Movements
  • Water Purification / methods*
  • Zinc / isolation & purification*

Substances

  • Nitrates
  • Lead
  • Zinc