Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a major world health problem, is hyper endemic in South-East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria. Being a major cause of morbidity and mortality, prophylaxis using the highly efficacious hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for those at risk. The prevalence of serological markers of chronic HBV infection was determined in a population of 100 outpatient diabetics and 80 non-diabetic controls at the Medical Outpatient Department of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idi-Araba between January and July 1992. Twenty diabetic patients [20%] and 14 controls [17.5%] had serological markers (HbsAg and antiHBc) indicating ongoing chronic HBV infection. The difference between diabetics and non-diabetic controls was not statistically significant (P>.05). None of the HbsAg and antiHBc positive diabetics [45%] and 8 control patients [57%] were HbeAg positive. The presence of serological markers was not related to the duration, type of diabetic treatment and degree of diabetic control. Our findings suggest that diabetics in Lagos appear not to be more predisposed to chronic HBV infection than the rest of the population, and therefore would require no special antiHBV prophylaxis.