Usage of adenosine and high-energy phosphates in cardiac anesthesiology is widely discussed. Implementation of above substances can be achieved via three possible ways: during the preparation of patients for cardiac surgery, during surgery and after the surgery during intensive postoperative care. Optimum methods for cardiac protection, which could guarantee safe, lasting heart function preservation after the surgery are investigated till now. Advantages and disadvantages of adenosine application during preoperative and postoperative periods as well as in cardiac surgery are presented. Possibilities to use phosphocreatine for cardioprotection will be discussed as well.