A new enantioselective synthesis of the idolizidine alkaloid (-)-swainsonine 1 in 40% overall yield starting from the known oxazolidinone 6 is described. Throughout the synthesis, the high efficiency of metal-catalyzed reactions is illustrated. The key step is a new ruthenium-catalyzed metathesis rearrangement reaction. In this ring-closing/ring-opening tandem process, stereocenters are transferred from a ring to the olefinic side chain of the formed heterocycle. The metathesis precursor was obtained by palladium-catalyzed desymmetrization of cyclopentenediol. The synthesis was completed by functionalization of the terminal double bond, cyclization of the second ring, and diastereoselective dihydroxylation.