The effects of solo singing, choral singing and swimming on mood and physiological indices

Br J Med Psychol. 2001 Mar:74 Part 1:115-120.

Abstract

The effects of solo singing, choral singing and swimming on mood and physiological indices were compared. Engaging in these activities reduced tense arousal and increased energetic arousal, positive hedonic tone and heart rate. Effects were greater for swimming than for singing, with little difference between choral and solo singing. Possible mechanisms and the implications for mental well-being are discussed.