This review offers some basic information on a syndrome described in 1992 as the female athlete triad. The increasing participation of women in competitive sports has led to significant accumulation of knowledge about potential pathological conditions due to strenuous exercise. Participation in sports that emphasize specific body image, psychological constitution of young female athletes and significantly lower daily calory intake cause the development of disordered eating, especially anorexia nervosa. Anorexia in combination with intensive training induces menstrual disorders, exercise-associated amenorrhea being the most important one. Low serum estrogen concentrations, as well as insufficient daily calcium intake have negative influence on bone mineral density, and the athletes have greater risk of developing osteoporosis and stress fractures. We described the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures necessary to detect and treat this syndrome. Education of physicians, female athletes and their coaches, as well as the screening during the annual examination, remain the most important measures of prevention.