Five lead (Pb) contaminated soils were used in a laboratory and modeling study to examine the effects of soluble and immobilized acetate on Pb removal from a contaminated soil as a function of pH. Soluble acetate was added as sodium acetate; immobilized acetate was added in the form of a cation exchange resin. For comparative purposes, Pb adsorption with no acetate also was measured as a function of pH. A surface complexation modeling framework was used to interpret experimental data. Experimental results showed the cation exchange resin was much more effective than soluble acetate in removing Pb from soils due to a strong affinity of the resin for Pb. In addition, concentrations of soluble Pb in resin/soil slurry were very low, minimizing the pollution threat if discharged. As deduced from modeling studies, soluble acetate performed poorly compared to the resin, in part, due to adsorption of the soluble PbAc(+) complex. The effectiveness of both soluble and immobilized acetate was diminished below pH 4 as a result of competition by H(+) for acetate. Modeling results based on resin affinity for Pb compare well with experimental data for resin/soil mixtures, suggesting that Pb partitioning in resin/soil mixtures may be predicted reasonably well if soil/Pb and resin/Pb partitioning are known. Thus, the modeling approach may be used as a screening tool to determine the performance of alternative resins.