In liquid cultures of murine bone marrow cells stimulated with interleukin-3 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, hypoxia (1% oxygen) induced a reversible block of hematopoiesis, maintaining the progenitors' expansion potential unreduced. Progenitors repopulating day-14 hypoxic cultures with cells or granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) were found, on the basis of their maintenance in hypoxia (12% and 76%, respectively), to belong to different subsets, the latter being much more efficiently maintained. The maintenance in hypoxic cultures of progenitors detectable by marrow-repopulating ability (MRA) assay was 18% for MRAcell progenitors and 69% for MRACFU progenitors. Thus, the repopulation of hypoxic cultures with cells or CFU-GM closely reflected the presence of progenitors capable of repopulating, with cells or CFU-GM, the bone marrow of lethally irradiated syngeneic animals. Progenitors repopulating hypoxic cultures were, like MRA progenitors, significantly resistant to 5-fluorouracil, progenitors repopulating cultures with CFU-GM being two-fold more resistant than those repopulating cultures with cells. We concluded that the repopulation of day-14 hypoxic cultures occurring after their transfer to air is to be considered an indicator of the maintenance of MRA progenitors in hypoxia. The relevance of these results to stem cell biology and their potential practical applications are discussed.