In this paper global differences in health between the 12 countries of the European Union are compared and related to variations in so-called determinants of health, especially socio-economic and life style factors and characteristics of the health care system in each country. This leads to two main conclusions. The first conclusion is that the health differences that exist within the European Union can only be partially explained by variations in determinants of health. Still, the comparison offers intriguing clues for improving health, containing cost and further research in the European Union. The second conclusion is that considerable data on health and determinants of health are collected in each country, but that international comparability is still limited. The ongoing activities in the standardization of European data collection need our full support.